Cross hatching and layering are two techniques commonly used in pen and ink drawing to create shading and depth.

Cross hatching involves drawing parallel lines in one direction and then drawing another set of parallel lines on top, but at a different angle to the first set. When the lines are created at a slightly different angle than say 45 degrees the effect is subtle and beautiful.

The overlapping lines create a pattern of small shapes, which vary in size and density depending on the angle and spacing of the lines. By varying the direction and density of the lines, artists can create a range of shading effects and textures.

The layering technique is about building up layers of overlapping ink and is similar to crosshatching.

It involves building up layers of ink to create a darker value or tone. Artists can achieve this by applying more ink in areas they want to appear darker or by using different line weights to create variation in the drawing.

I often use this method in creating trees and distant woods and sometimes I then remove some of the ink with a plastic rubber to create the effect of light beams.

With layering, the artist can create a smooth gradient of tones by gradually building up the layers of ink.